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　　【导语】微侵犯是种族主义或性别歧视的无意识表达，似乎只是出自善意的人的无伤大雅的评论。下面是整理发布的9种得罪人不自知的职场英语，你都说过吗？欢迎阅读参考！更多相关讯息请关注！

From telling a new female worker that she "looks like a student" to asking a black colleague about her natural hair, microaggressions often exist in the workplace, too. And they can make a workplace feel unsafe and toxic.
从告诉一个新来的女员工她“看起来像个学生”，到问一个黑人同事她的头发是什么，职场中也经常存在微侵犯。它们会让人们感到工作场所不安全、有毒。

"Because microaggressions are often communicated through language, it is very important to pay attention to how we talk, especially in the workplace and other social institutions like classrooms, courtrooms, and so on," Christine Mallinson, professor of language, literacy, and culture at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, told Business Insider.
马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校的语言、读写和文化教授克里斯汀?马林森告诉《商业内幕》杂志：“因为微侵略通常是通过语言进行交流的，所以关注我们说话的方式非常重要，尤其是在工作场所和其他社会机构，比如教室、法庭等等。”

Because microaggressions are so subtle, it"s hard to know if you"re committing one or if you"re on the receiving end.
因为微侵犯是如此微妙，所以很难知道你是在进行攻击还是在接收着他人的微侵犯。

"One thing is that they are in a sense ambiguous, so that the recipient is apt to feel vaguely insulted, but since the words look and sound complimentary, on the surface (they"re most often positive), she can"t rightly feel insulted and doesn"t know how to respond," Robin Lakoff, Professor Emerita of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, told Business Insider.
“有一点，它们在某种意义上模棱两可，以便接收人容易感到模糊的侮辱，但由于这些文字在表面上（通常积极的）听起来是赞赏的，她无法确切地感到侮辱，也不知道如何回应。”罗宾·莱考夫是加州大学伯克利分校的语言学名誉教授，在接受《商业内幕》采访时表示。

Here are some of the most common microaggressions:
以下是一些最常见的微侵犯：

"You"re so articulate"
“你很会说话”

"When a white colleague tells a colleague of color "You"re so articulate" or "You speak so well," the remark suggests that they assumed the person in question would be less articulate — and are surprised to find out they aren"t," Mallinson told Business Insider.
马林森在接受《商业内幕》采访时表示：“当一位白人同事对有色人种的同事说‘你很会说话’或‘你说得很好’时，他们就会想当然地认为这个人不太会说话——结果发现他们并没有这么说，这让他们很吃惊。”

Commenting on a black person"s language or speaking habits has a complicated history, and this is a problem that African-Americans especially encounter in the workplace or school.
评论一个黑人的语言或说话习惯有一个复杂的历史，这是非洲裔美国人在工作场所或学校遇到的一个问题。

"We (a white-dominant society) expect black folks to be less competent," wrote A. Gordon in The Root. "And, speaking as a white person, when we register surprise at a black individual"s articulateness, we also send the not-so-subtle message that that person is part of a group that we don"t expect to see sitting at the table, taking on a leadership role."
“我们（白人占主导地位的社会）期望黑人的能力会下降，”A·戈登在《根源》一书中写道。“作为一个白人来说，当我们对黑人的发音感到惊讶时，我们也传递了一个不那么微妙的信息，那就是那个人是我们不希望看到的坐在餐桌旁担任领导角色的群体中的一员。”

What to say instead: Nothing. You can commend people on their specific ideas or insights, but commenting on how people speak is unnecessary.
取而代之的是：什么也不说。你可以赞扬人们的具体想法或见解，但评论人们说话的方式是不必要的。

"Oh, sorry, wrong person"
“噢，不好意思，认错人了”

If you"re an underrepresented minority, and there"s one other person of your identity in the room, there"s a chance that the majority group will confuse your names.
如果你是一个代表性不足的少数族群，而房间里有另一个和你身份相同的人，那么很有可能大多数人会混淆你们的名字。

"When I started grad school, the intro class was taught by two white women and I was one of two Mexican-Americans in the cohort," one Buzzfeed reader shared. "They constantly called me Maria, the other girl"s name. My name is Alejandra and we look nothing alike."
Buzzfeed网站的一位读者分享道：“当我开始读研时，导论班的老师是两个白人女性，而我是其中两个墨西哥裔美国人之一。她们经常把我叫成玛利亚，那是另一个女孩的名字。我叫亚丽杭德拉，我们长得一点都不像。”

What to say instead: Learn your coworkers" names. It"s a pretty basic concept.
应该怎么说：了解你同事的名字。这是一个非常基本的概念。

"My boss is crazy"
“我的老板很疯狂”

Calling your female boss "crazy" or "hysterical" has sexist undertones, because these words have a long, problematic history.
说你的女上司“疯狂”或“歇斯底里”有性别歧视的潜台词，因为这些词有很长很有问题的历史。

"In the past, especially in 19th century Europe, women who had anxiety or who were seen as troublemakers were often diagnosed as being "hysterical,"" Mallinson told Business Insider.
马林森在接受《商业内幕》采访时表示：“在过去，尤其是在19世纪的欧洲，患有焦虑症或被视为麻烦制造者的女性常常被诊断为‘歇斯底里’。”

The word "hysterical" comes from the Greek word hystera, meaning uterus, signifying that the so-called disease was specific to women."
“歇斯底里”一词来源于希腊语“歇斯底里”一词，意为子宫，意味着所谓的疾病是女性特有的。

So, when you call a woman "crazy," it suggests that her concerns or actions are illogical, rather than the result of critical thinking.
因此，当你说一个女人“疯狂”时，它表明她的担心或行为是不合逻辑的，而不是批判性思维的结果。

What to say instead: Try to understand your colleague"s viewpoint rather than ascribing her actions as illogical. If you still don"t agree, you could say: "I don"t understand her perspective on this" — then ask her for her insights.
应该怎么说：试着理解你同事的观点，而不是把她的行为归咎于不合逻辑。如果你仍然不同意，你可以说：“我不理解她对这件事的看法”——然后问问她的见解。

"Where are you actually from?"
“你从哪里来？”

Asking someone about their ethnic heritage appears to just be a way to get to know someone.
询问某人的民族遗产似乎只是了解某人的一种方式。

But for Latinos, Asians, and "people who fall in between the black-white racial binary in the United States," the question gets tiresome, wrote journalist Tanzina Vega in CNN.
但对于拉丁美洲人、亚洲人，以及“在美国处于黑白两种种族之间的人”来说，这个问题变得令人生厌，CNN记者坦蒂娜·维加写道。

"The next time you want to inquire about someone"s race, ethnicity or national origin, ask yourself: Why do I want to know?" Vega wrote. "Or better yet, rather than asking anyone "where are you really from?" try listening — or letting that person ask you a question — instead."
“下次你想问某人的种族、民族或国籍时，问问自己：我为什么想知道？”维加写道。“或者更好，而不是问别人‘你到底从哪里来？’试着倾听——或者要不让那个人问你一个问题。”

Receiving that question again and again can imply that a person isn"t really American or doesn"t truly belong in their country, just because of their appearance.
一遍又一遍地听到这个问题，就意味着一个人并不是真正的美国人，也不真正属于他们的国家，仅仅因为他们的外表。

"The wrong here is that the question presupposes that being a person of color is inconsistent with being American," Dr. Ashley Lauren Pennington told Business Insider.
阿什利·劳伦·彭宁顿博士告诉《商业内幕》杂志：“这里的错误在于，这个问题的前提是有色人种与美国人不一致。”

What to say instead: Nothing. If the person in question wants to discuss their identity, they can bring it up at their own discretion.
取而代之的是：什么也不说。如果被调查的人想讨论他们的身份，他们可以自行决定。

"Your name is so hard to pronounce"
“你的名字读起来很拗口”

"The remark suggests that the person in question does not fit in culturally or linguistically, and that their identity is not worth taking time to learn about," Mallinson told Business Insider.
马林森在接受《商业内幕》采访时表示：“这句话表明，这个人在文化或语言上都不适合，他们的身份不值得花时间去了解。”

What to say instead: If you can"t pronounce a colleague"s name, just ask them how to say it. Don"t point out that it"s foreign or unfamiliar to you.
应该怎么说：如果你读不出同事的名字，就问问他们怎么念。不要指出它对你来说是陌生的或不熟悉的。

"I think you"re in the wrong room — this is the programmers" meeting"
“我觉得你搞错了——这是程序员会议”

Kieran Snyder, now CEO of Textio, told Fast Company about one of her first experiences with microaggressions as a Microsoft employee. She was going to a company lecture on math.
现在担任Textio首席执行官的基兰·斯奈德向Fast Company讲述了她作为微软员工第一次接触微攻击的经历。她要参加一个关于数学的公司讲座。

"I walked over a few minutes early, and in the room two men were already seated," Snyder said.
“我提前走了几分钟，房间里已经坐了两个人，”斯奈德说。

According to Snyder, one of the men saw her and quickly asked if she was looking for a talk on design that was being held nearby. He assumed that, as a woman, Snyder would not be interested or able to go to a math talk.
据斯奈德说，其中一名男子看到了她，并迅速问她是否在寻找一个关于正在附近举行的设计讲座。他认为，作为一个女人，斯奈德不会对数学感兴趣，也不会去参加数学讲座。

It appears to just be a helpful suggestion, but it communicates that it"s impossible or unlikely that a woman couldn"t be an engineer.
这似乎只是一个有益的建议，但它传达出一个女人不可能或不能成为工程师。

What to say instead: Don"t assume people don"t belong or make them feel as if they"re outsiders.
应该说的是：不要假设人们与事情毫无关系，或者让他们觉得自己是局外人。

"Are you an intern? You look so young!"
“你是实习生吗？你看起来很年轻！”

"By complementing a woman on her appearance, in a professional setting, you are reinforcing sexist beliefs about women"s worth — that first and foremost, women must be attractive, and this is a primary function of their social role," Pennington told Business Insider.
彭宁顿在接受《商业内幕》采访时表示：“在职业场合称赞一名女性的外表，这就强化了性别歧视者对女性价值的看法——首先，最重要的是，女性必须具有吸引力，这是她们社会角色的主要功能。”

"When an older male colleague tells a junior female colleague "You look so young" or "You look like a student," the comment focuses attention on her appearance rather than on her credentials, and it may subtly undermine her authority on the job," Mallinson told Business Insider.
马林森在接受《商业内幕》采访时说：“当一位年长的男同事对一位年轻的女同事说‘你看起来很年轻’或‘你看起来像个学生’时，她的评论会把注意力集中在她的外表上，而不是她的学历上，这可能会潜移默化地削弱她在工作中的*。”

Remarking on someone"s apparent youth also implies that they seem inexperienced or potentially unqualified for their job.
对某人明显年轻的评价也意味着他们似乎缺乏经验或可能不胜任自己的工作。

What to say instead: Nothing. There"s no reason to comment on a coworker"s appearance. If you genuinely want to know their job title, look it up in a company directory.
取而代之的是：什么也不说。没有理由去评论同事的外表。如果你真的想知道他们的工作头衔，可以在公司的目录上查一下。

"Is that your real hair?"
“那是你真正的头发吗?”

Receiving comments about one"s natural hair is a frequent struggle for African-Americans in particular.
听到关于自己的头发的评论种经常性的斗争，对于非裔美国人来说特别明显。

"My cubicle partner is black and has natural hair," an anonymous reader wrote to Buzzfeed. "She has a pretty big afro, and at least once a week someone asks me if I think her hair is unprofessional, if it violates the dress code, or if it distracts me. No, Kathy. Her hair does not make me feel anything. You, however, leaving your desk and interrupting my work to try and start s--t makes me feel things."
一位匿名读者给Buzzfeed网站写道：“我的同事肤色是黑色的，头发也是自然的。”“她有一个相当大的非洲式发型，每周至少有一次有人问我，她的头发是否不专业，是否违反了着装规定，或者是否让我分心。不，凯西。她的头发让我感觉不到任何东西。然而，你离开了你的办公桌，打断了我的工作，试图开始工作，这让我感觉不到什么。”

Black women"s textured hair is often perceived as "less professional" than smooth hair, according to the Perception Institute.
根据知觉研究所的研究，黑人女性有质感的头发通常被认为与光滑的头发相比“不那么专业”。

For black women, the bias against natural hair results in higher levels of anxiety about their appearance. One in five black women feel socially pressured to straighten their hair for work, which is twice the rate for white women.
对于黑人女性来说，对天然头发的偏见导致她们对自己的外表更加焦虑。五分之一的黑人女性觉得在工作时拉直头发是一种社会压力，这是白人女性的两倍。

What to say instead: Nothing. A person"s natural hair, regardless of their ethnicity, should be accepted as professional and workplace-friendly.
取而代之的是：什么也不说。一个人的自然头发，不论其种族，都应该被认为是职业和工作环境友好的。

(Interrupting) "Well, actually, I think…"
（打断别人）“实际上，我认为……”

Men are nearly three times as likely to interrupt a woman instead of another man.
男人打断女人说话的可能性是他打断男人说话的三倍。

The New York Times called men interrupting women "a universal phenomenon." And the kicker is when a man parrots the same idea as the woman he interrupted, receiving all the credit for it.
《纽约时报》称，男性打断女性是“一种普遍现象”。而最引人注目的是，当一个男人和那个被他打断的女人鹦鹉学舌时，他得到了所有的称赞。

"I can"t even count the number of times I"ve witnessed a woman being interrupted and talked over by a man, only to hear him later repeat the same ideas she was trying to put forward," Grace Ellis told the Times. "I"d say I see this happen … two to three times a week? At least?"
格蕾丝·埃利斯在接受《泰晤士报》采访时说：“我甚至数不清有多少次我亲眼目睹一个女人被一个男人打断，被他搭讪，结果却听到他重复着她想要表达的想法。我会说，我看到这种情况发生……一周两到三次？至少？”

Elizabeth Ames, senior vice president of marketing, alliances, and programs for the Anita Borg Institute, also said this is one of the biggest workplace microaggressions she hears about.
伊丽莎白·艾姆斯是安妮塔博格研究所负责营销、联盟和项目的高级副总裁。

"Another thing we hear a lot is when they share an idea or comment and everyone ignores it, then the male in the room says it and everyone thinks it"s the greatest thing," Ames told Fast Company.
艾姆斯告诉Fast Company网站：“我们经常听到的另一件事是，当他们分享一个想法或评论时，每个人都忽略了，然后房间里的男人们就会说出来，每个人都认为这是最棒的事情。”

What to do instead: Wait for the person to finish their thought. And if you like their idea, give them credit.
取而代之的做法：等待那个人说完他们的想法。如果你喜欢他们的想法，就相信他们。

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